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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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R' q8 }; V# @3 K6 |1 \& n/ eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第" I! t+ s8 c' B. y( J; w" z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：6 R9 ~/ g6 `, i; z, |+ Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">"2 ~) |5 d5 j. J4 }& `4 D
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/ C( k' | d0 ?4 C0 ]mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。4 K) B5 D# u' ^5 Lmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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1 z/ J" @0 C% s# I7 d# D. \. ^Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。1 E: h. m7 a5 ~" ?* b L' N( @! d
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经8 H7 d7 A7 Z2 ~; c& N' imso-font-kerning:0pt">•/ F' E, m7 q4 W5 ]4 o& [7 b4 ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;. n0 _/ S/ P q
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" B+ L/ J9 z1 ~4 ~# t: \) smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。1 f. B4 V5 _. U- _) s
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：+ i( p: g% |2 I% z9 F+ ^* h0pt">“, k7 F- W3 V- b+ \3 E
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是 G: T, p1 R- E5 r) [% N
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？5 h4 D5 l" r7 U& M t
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，1 A7 p* D/ D" p {/ W- f( L8 C% R
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7 B$ e, j" A6 Y, k$ m) K* |% b: Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪& `& a7 z; l4 L5 b, O
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* m% d* T6 \$ G" _- m4 zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。7 |8 C1 B/ V; {# C6 C* @7 C
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% }' r% N5 A. l/ x( m# LTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：1 ?( q5 R- q' O" u5 I7 O
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. M- ?* C" e4 Q1 K; E4 amso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐' O) f, p( }& q: Z; x3 M10.5pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">”& Z; d; i5 {- c% X
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. |$ _8 k& g ]& h6 a6 |mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语* A/ X& P0 X7 x6 Z3 w$ p5 [
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种, ^% D5 I! V! e1 K. N
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- g& c1 r4 d5 {mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的! w2 h4 h: @. ~4 f' V" qmso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ I2 g! x6 {- E1 A) xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;* }7 e8 O6 g7 [1 Y6 g( ]
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐, k! D% b) ^$ k; z5 g& Q6 b# n
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' j( U, D' ?# D: Z! \mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，+ ?) P# l1 B! w0 m
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, A& |6 } O5 y" `mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗教, V6 E/ _7 X# T2 r% v% ?mso-font-kerning:0pt">”2 d& J( W! l$ ?) r* o
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: F) U/ g2 \$ y* m* N$ X0 ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌- d8 h5 c) m$ a/ B, w" f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视# f4 t* Y2 j. r) p: O6 P% m( ymso-font-kerning:0pt">“; ^1 i. J1 Z* Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;% q u: h% l* V$ t
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗! a- O, l( W$ G* b3 l
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。. f- }/ o, J M$ U' m; Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">”3 \, p$ J6 M% n: k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语9 H' a2 q% Y3 D7 \; |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）& K- u0 ?, u) I' tmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# g) Z" r0 F; n% H( ^6 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
5 l9 j2 }& }, I1 I% l, l; Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。. s G( |; W _0 u" `2 R
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" I1 j) i2 d; k0 c6 B; lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语, b k* F4 R; D+ G9 |mso-font-kerning:0pt">•% }9 d, e( k% o, P' Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
% k/ a* A9 P' S, w+ e2 K4 Nmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过$ V+ n+ y% o0 X7 Y' a
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' }" h$ ^1 K( y. K% Omso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨5 p' ?2 G6 G8 }! s/ Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# n% r+ I- w8 B6 a
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5 A4 y% N1 D- p8 D" Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人3 o" r1 n4 U! W4 `, ~
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9 n3 K" G5 L3 H! Y: H! jmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。0 k+ }5 b0 Y. n$ ^" D" i, cmso-font-kerning:0pt"> & _' `7 U; U+ f( K' |
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1 @1 n& o: Z# b! U- R/ e1 k- ~Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。$ _6 ?! J9 i/ h' zmso-font-kerning:0pt">"' Y( [4 `% i1 e& g: i4 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;3 v7 i. c1 Z( r1 `* q* \) w
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。7 D/ J- B7 M" n9 e( r. Umso-font-kerning:0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。5 p1 @# c' V8 T" d, v# s) zmso-font-kerning:0pt">——2 J: } B' i/ qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
2 k- a, z- L" S1 P) S2 }; Q5 Vmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃. V9 z, J p+ Q2 e% H, Y8 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">歪批 ]: n. g- w( H, E7 fmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# p+ |: M3 N) E2 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;+ h" ]1 U) R# B/ ]5 ?* `- w
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”+ }* D# p# J: m6 r$ Zmso-font-kerning:0pt">——4 l1 a8 Z' b& ~0 H* v i x: s
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8 T5 n; @4 S! cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。. B; g! V7 M4 k1 K$ ]
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" i/ ~) I3 ?" C7 ^! b( J4 dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。 w" v; j& u( ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">”4 u9 D, e. |' G2 U2 [: Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;" V' j0 u% h5 `
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于 [+ f: \, R3 `# J, hmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# Z; R( N W0 [/ s' P+ |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观* T4 e) ^; E$ J& kmso-font-kerning:0pt">”+ J2 [% E5 F! e8 l/ ^, n! F
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨; M$ \) u) Q: D8 y' I& j% P' Umso-font-kerning:0pt">”( U: m; ~5 _4 r' E6 J( ~$ z& ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
~$ i* q, `2 K8 W) k( _2 xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓' p6 O$ I3 d6 V5 K, v t" Rmso-font-kerning:0pt">“; \( `6 k' y3 F3 J4 i: C% P" G! P
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* N& ]7 g/ `+ Imso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓& c8 k! v+ o, Q2 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓) H' m( ^+ ]+ G3 p- c5 H* dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“5 S( x! g+ O# r5 h2 J$ N
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/ b% T% L M" p5 ~- E; i8 g" Zmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">群/ a3 n6 G! ]- V" [, Vmso-font-kerning:0pt">”# L8 K4 |* w( m# ^& f2 X, efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;2 X$ `( } u& K1 \" \1 E* ]
mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓7 \9 M$ r+ u/ M* J5 r; j- f
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨: x, V9 T2 s% E! C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼4 ^ |/ I$ g# L0 P: Y3 P) R
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$ X* C* J; m& `8 Lmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">乐而不淫、哀而不伤# I4 B- N$ M; t* N9 f( p6 P' hmso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 U3 ]: m8 L, H, a! y
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9 T# x* k0 U8 a% e4 w9 |1 b, Kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语5 m4 u6 Z9 p6 m7 t" F
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9 w6 H! A! u! }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能% Z2 l- M" Q' q/ b$ ~9 C
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨而不怒6 f, p* t; T6 c% nmso-font-kerning:0pt">”& T4 V# j# U6 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
" `; @7 W) ~% _& M/ _. Xmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹4 B' g2 c- [/ R2 ]mso-font-kerning:0pt">.8 P3 L, w; `+ F) W9 O( s- v
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5 t2 m: K. W) P# b0 h% y w1 Qmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人$ {6 ?% D6 k9 p! r& h4 Kmso-font-kerning:0pt">“3 D( U; c1 ?1 @; a3 N( u) V- |" k
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">思无邪& i7 W. m3 ?( x$ ?
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2 B( _2 Z4 w' |, W# smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">为政》），遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。" G5 Z% w3 U, [) G m, V: |( Tmso-font-kerning:0pt"> - k" Y/ z, O8 v- m# g2 w
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。) }* o; J0 z! R
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. Q1 y. f8 Q& t8 |( l5 E+ e: zTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。+ Z* Z& E7 \! X2 {/ l6 n! j
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# L; e' m0 n0 `8 S! M- A7 fTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉，不读，也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧0 z! G9 k# {/ l* _& Omso-font-kerning:0pt"> " q7 a* c% E5 m0 P# `! t
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等: @7 g; D3 h( M" ?8 W: B& R0 b' V
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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